After 1970, however, many American institutions-corporations, unions, universities, others-were required to set aside what in effect were quotas, a process that engaged the federal government as never before in a wide variety of personnel decisions taken in the private sector. This dramatic and rapid transformation of congressional intent took place as a result of executive decisions-especially Nixon's-and court interpretations. Affirmative action of this sort never had the support of democratically elected representatives.41
( James T. Patterson )
[ Grand Expectations: The United ]
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