In a healthy environment, increased threat sensitivity, poor emotion control and...

In a healthy environment, increased threat sensitivity, poor emotion control and enhanced fear memory in MAOA-L {i.e., the "warrior" variant} men might only manifest as variation in temperament within a 'normal' or subclinical range. However, these same characteristics in an abusive childhood environment-one typified by persistent uncertainty, unpredictable threat, poor behavioral modeling and social referencing, and inconsistent reinforcement for prosocial decision making-might predispose toward frank aggression and impulsive violence in the adult.

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