Buddha identifies two distinct types of suffering. The first is a cycle that perpetuates more pain and distress, entrenching individuals in their struggles. This type of suffering can be understood as the result of attachment, conflict, and dissatisfaction, which often leads one to feel trapped in an ongoing experience of anguish.

In contrast, the second type of suffering is redemptive; it has the potential to lead to enlightenment and the cessation of pain. This suffering can help individuals confront their realities, fostering growth and understanding. In Terry Tempest Williams' "Refuge," this exploration of suffering highlights the complexities of human experience and the paths toward resolving inner turmoil.