In his narrative, Arturo Pérez-Reverte discusses a poignant observation made by Galdós regarding the plight of the poor in Spain. The metaphor he uses reveals a cycle of superficiality and stagnation where Spain seems committed to changing minor details (the "neck") without addressing deeper issues, as if merely shifting around the ornamental "golden necklaces" on different "dogs." This illustrates a broader commentary on societal structures that remain unchanged despite the challenges faced by the impoverished. The quote serves as a reflection on Spain's historical struggles and the tendency to focus on appearances rather than substantive change. It emphasizes the need for more profound transformations in society that go beyond aesthetic adjustments. Through this lens, Pérez-Reverte highlights how history often repeats itself when there is a lack of genuine effort to improve the conditions of those at the bottom of the social hierarchy.