Marsilus of Padua, a significant historical figure, published "Defensor Pacis" in 1324, which boldly argued for the primacy of the state over the church. His work emerged during a tumultuous period, challenging the authority of the papacy and advocating for secular governance, which resonated with the political struggles of his time. This assertion emphasized the importance of the state in maintaining order and peace, positioning it as the central authority in society.

Barbara W. Tuchman's "A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century" highlights the context in which Marsilus's ideas flourished. The 14th century was marked by crises, including wars, famine, and disease, making his arguments about state authority particularly relevant. As tensions between church and state escalated, Marsilus's views reflected a growing sentiment that favored political power over ecclesiastical dominance, influencing the trajectory of political thought well beyond his era.