The legendary narrative surrounding Spain, often referred to as the "black legend," paints the country in a negative light, primarily propagated by its external adversaries. This portrayal depicts Spain as a nation that, despite its numerous challenges, ultimately found itself in solitary opposition against much of the world. The term "Sambenito," historically associated with public shaming and disgrace, symbolizes how Spain has been marked by this enduring stigma of exclusivity and condemnation.

This perspective provided by Arturo Pérez-Reverte in his book "A History of Spain" invites readers to reflect on the complexities of Spain's historical image. While facing significant opposition, Spain's resilience and the narrative of its past reveal deeper layers of national identity, shaped not only by internal dynamics but also the perceptions and judgments of other nations. The interplay of these factors crafts a multifaceted historical story that extends beyond mere legend.