"The Apology," "Phaedo," and "Crito" are essential texts by Plato that explore the themes of justice, morality, and the soul. In "The Apology," Socrates defends himself against accusations of corrupting the youth and impiety. His commitment to truth and virtue is evident as he chooses to face death rather than abandon his principles. "Phaedo" presents Socrates' final moments, where he articulates his beliefs about the immortality of the soul and the philosopher’s duty to seek wisdom. In "Crito," he discusses the importance of obeying the law and the social contract, emphasizing that he must accept his death instead of fleeing.
The "Golden Sayings of Epictetus" collates key philosophical insights from the Stoic philosopher Epictetus, focusing on the importance of inner virtue and self-control. It emphasizes that individuals cannot control external circumstances but can govern their responses. This collection encourages readers to reflect on their thoughts and attitudes, promoting resilience in the face of adversity through Stoic principles. Epictetus teaches that true freedom lies within our ability to choose our reactions and maintain our integrity regardless of what happens externally.