These groups have long been present in U.S. history. Above all, black and brown dissident groups-but also those from indigenous and Asian/Asian-American, as well as white communities-have arisen to challenge their communities' dispossession. They are viewed by the state as in need of monitoring, control, even "neutralization," to use FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover's term for the destruction, division, defamation, and even death that the FBI's Counter-Intelligence Program {COINTELPRO} unleashed upon dissident groups in the 1970s and 1980s. U.S. officials also have often had to wage a veritable civil war against low-wage workers, farmers, and others; so much so, in fact, that historian Howard Zinn has referred to the big business war on labor as "The Other Civil War.
( Mark Lewis Taylor )
[ The Executed God: The Way of ]
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