In the excerpt from "The Beautiful Savage" by Philip Pullman, Malcolm contemplates the nature of truth and discovery, specifically regarding Pythagoras and his understanding of mathematical principles. He reflects on whether Pythagoras invented these truths or merely uncovered what already existed in the world. Malcolm concludes that these truths were always present, implying that Pythagoras's role was one of a discoverer rather than an originator.

Malcolm's musings extend to the alethiometer, a symbolic tool that represents deeper meanings and truths. By connecting these ideas, Pullman demonstrates the distinction between invention and discovery, suggesting that certain universal truths exist independently of human recognition, waiting to be understood by those who seek knowledge.