In Ian McEwan's "Atonement," the theme of guilt plays a crucial role in shaping the characters' experiences and their methods of self-punishment. It suggests that guilt can lead individuals to obsessively revisit their mistakes, much like counting beads on a rosary. This process of self-reflection becomes a perpetual cycle, wherein individuals continuously grapple with their past transgressions, deepening their suffering.

The metaphor of threading beads emphasizes the intricate and often painful nature of guilt. It illustrates how the details of one's actions can become a burdensome chain, compelling a person to confront their remorse repeatedly. In this way, guilt transforms from a fleeting emotion into a lifelong struggle, marking the characters' journeys with a persistent sense of regret and the desire for atonement.