In Denis Johnson's "Tree of Smoke," a character reflects on the impact of climate on Western civilization, suggesting that the challenges posed by the environment have overwhelmed progress since the time of Marco Polo. This observation indicates that the natural world plays a significant role in shaping human endeavors and can hinder development and expansion.

The statement highlights a recurring theme in literature where the environment is seen as a formidable adversary to human aspirations. By connecting historical exploration to contemporary struggles, Johnson emphasizes the ongoing conflict between civilization and the forces of nature, raising questions about humanity's resilience in the face of such challenges.