In "The Systems View of Life," Fritjof Capra discusses the dual nature of living systems, emphasizing their roles as both parts of a larger whole and as autonomous entities. This duality reflects a fundamental tension between two opposing tendencies: the urge for integration into a collective system and the desire for self-organization, which allows individuals to maintain their independence. Understanding this interplay is crucial for grasping the dynamics of living systems.

Capra argues that this balance between integration and autonomy is essential for the survival and evolution of life. Living systems navigate this complex relationship by fostering cooperation within their larger environment while simultaneously protecting their individuality. This perspective highlights the intricate interconnections among all forms of life and emphasizes the importance of both community and individuality in biological and ecological contexts.