The history of this nation up through the Civil War shows how difficult the establishment of a federal authority can be when there are profound differences in the values of the societies it attempts to integrate.3 Oppenheimer thus became the first of many postwar realists to disparage Einstein for being allegedly too idealistic.
The historical context of the United States leading up to the Civil War illustrates the challenges faced in creating a unified federal authority amid deeply rooted societal differences. This divergence in values made it difficult to integrate varying interests across the nation, leading to significant conflict. Oppenheimer is noted as the initial postwar realist to criticize Einstein for what he perceived as excessive idealism, contrasting the pragmatic approach of realists with Einstein's more aspirational views.
This critique signifies a broader tension between idealistic and realistic perspectives in scientific and political discourse, highlighting how differing philosophies about governance and societal integration can shape one's legacy and influence. The struggle for cohesive authority in the face of ideological divisions serves not only as a historical lesson but also reflects ongoing debates about idealism and realism in contemporary thought.
