The book "Civilization: The West and the Rest" by Niall Ferguson explores the decline of Christianity in Europe, questioning the factors that contributed to this shift. A central theme is the idea proposed by Max Weber, who suggested that the rise of capitalism and materialism could undermine the Protestant ethic that once thrived in the region. This decline raises important inquiries about how economic systems can influence religious beliefs and practices over time.

Ferguson's work delves into the tension between the spirit of capitalism and traditional Christian values, arguing that the increasing focus on material wealth may have eroded the moral and religious foundations that once characterized European societies. This exploration highlights the complexity of cultural evolution and the interplay between faith, economics, and social change throughout history.