A regular method was the levy for a crusade, which allowed ecclesiastical income within each country to be taxed by its king, who soon came to regard it as a right.
In Barbara W. Tuchman's "A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century," the author discusses the practice of levying taxes to fund crusades. This method allowed kings to impose taxes on ecclesiastical income, effectively appropriating church funds for their own purposes. Over time, this practice became viewed by monarchs as an inherent right, altering the relationship between church and state.
This shift not only affected the economic landscape but also signified the...