Niall Ferguson's book "The Square and the Tower: Networks and Power, from the Freemasons to Facebook" explores the evolution of power dynamics since the year 1500. He argues that the concept of networks has significantly influenced social structures and authority. The phrase "After 1500 not all roads led to Rome" encapsulates the shift from centralized power in Rome to diverse networks that challenge traditional hierarchies. This change marked an era where various influences shaped governance and society beyond a singular dominant force.

Ferguson examines how these networks, ranging from the Freemasons to modern social media, have played a crucial role in establishing new forms of power and connection. The book highlights the importance of understanding the complexities of these connections in both historical and contemporary contexts. By analyzing the impacts of these networks, readers can gain insights into the underlying structures that guide political and social developments in today's world.