In Victor Hugo's "Les Misérables," the author explores the profound societal issues that lead to human suffering and degradation. He emphasizes the injustices that are embedded within society, where decrees of damnation manifest in the form of systemic poverty, hunger, and neglect. These social constructs create metaphorical hells on Earth, showcasing how society can contribute to the downfall of individuals rather than uplifting them. The author passionately critiques a world that imposes suffering, resulting in the moral corruption of women and the crippling effects of poverty on children.

Hugo underscores the urgency of resolving these three significant problems of the era: the degradation of men due to poverty, the corruption of women through starvation, and the suffering of children from darkness and ignorance. He highlights that as long as these issues exist, humanity is at risk of social asphyxia, meaning that any part of the world can fall into despair and hopelessness. This plight links divine destiny to human fate, suggesting that societal failure jeopardizes individual lives and their potential, making it imperative for society to address these challenges effectively.