In her book "Carthage," Joyce Carol Oates acknowledges the significant biological differences between genders but argues that many of the cultural differences we observe are not as pronounced. She suggests that in developed countries, society has progressed beyond the limitations posed by basic biology. This progression allows for a more nuanced understanding of gender roles, which are not strictly determined by biology.

Oates highlights that contemporary human existence does not confine women to traditional roles defined solely by their biological ability to bear children. This perspective implies that women have the potential to pursue a multitude of life paths beyond motherhood, ultimately leading to greater freedom and fulfillment in a modern context. The evolution of societal norms has shifted the focus away from rigid gender expectations.