Tuchman's book discusses the historical context of Puritanism, suggesting it emerged as a response to the declining moral standards perceived during the Renaissance. The Renaissance brought about significant cultural and intellectual advancements, but it also led to a sense of moral disarray among some groups. This perspective highlights how Puritanism sought to restore what its followers viewed as a more virtuous and disciplined society.

The author connects the development of Puritan thought to broader historical narratives, emphasizing the tension between progressive ideas and traditional moral values. The Puritans aimed to counteract the excesses of their time by promoting a strict, faith-driven lifestyle, illustrating an ongoing struggle between innovation and a desire for societal purity.