In the book "Disclosure" by Michael Crichton, the character Sanders criticizes the prevalent mentality found in business schools. After observing numerous graduates over the years, she believes there is a crucial defect in how they are educated, leading to a misguided confidence in their abilities. They are taught to think they possess universal managerial skills, but Sanders argues that such skills do not truly exist.

Her reflections highlight a gap between theoretical training and real-world challenges, suggesting that business education may overlook the complexities of management that require more than just applied knowledge. This critique serves as a reminder of the importance of practical experience and adaptability in effective leadership.