According to Epictetus, an uninstructed individual relies on external factors for their sense of gain or loss. This person does not recognize that true advantages or disadvantages stem from within, instead attributing their fortune or misfortune to outside circumstances. This perspective limits their ability to grow and understand their own influence over their life.

In contrast, a philosopher perceives that all benefits and detriments are a result of their own actions and choices. This self-awareness empowers them to take responsibility for their experiences and encourages personal growth. By understanding that their internal state shapes their reaction to the world, they can cultivate a more meaningful and intentional life.