In his book "The Revenge Of Geography," Robert D. Kaplan reflects on the early years of the Iraq conflict, illustrating how it serves as a stark reminder of the realist perspective in international relations. This perspective emphasizes that geographical, historical, and cultural factors significantly influence what can be achieved in any region, contradicting the more optimistic views held by idealists during the 1990s.

Kaplan argues that the challenges faced in Iraq exemplify the limitations imposed by these enduring legacies. Rather than being able to impose changes or implement ideals, the realities of the region's geography and history have profoundly shaped outcomes, demonstrating that understanding local contexts is vital for any successful intervention.