The Dutch significantly advanced the Italian model of public debt by introducing innovative financial instruments, such as lottery loans, which allowed individuals to gamble while investing their savings in government debt. This approach not only made investing more engaging but also helped to stimulate public participation in government financing.

Additionally, the Dutch revolutionized their currency system by establishing what is considered the world's first central bank, the Amsterdam Exchange Bank (Wisselbank). This institution addressed the issue of debased coinage and created a dependable form of bank money. Among their many contributions, the joint-stock company stands out as perhaps the most transformative Dutch innovation, enabling broader investment and economic growth.