In "The Discourses," philosopher Epictetus likens the study of philosophy to a surgical process. He emphasizes that engaging with philosophical teachings may not always be a pleasurable experience. Instead, it is often accompanied by discomfort and introspection, reflecting the challenges of addressing one's flaws and limitations. The aim of philosophy is to enhance one's well-being, but the path to improvement involves confronting painful truths about oneself.

By comparing philosophy to surgery, Epictetus suggests that true healing comes from undergoing difficult experiences. When entering these philosophical "schools," individuals should recognize that they are not in a state of complete well-being. The ultimate goal is to emerge more enlightened and healthier, but this requires an acceptance of the initial pain and struggle that accompanies deep personal growth.