In "The Argumentative Indian," Amartya Sen explores two main types of secularism. The first approach emphasizes maintaining a neutral stance among various religions, ensuring that the state does not favor one over another. This allows for a more inclusive society where diverse beliefs can coexist without interference from government institutions.

The second approach advocates for the strict separation of religious associations from state functions, prohibiting any collaboration between religion and governmental activities. This perspective aims to create a clear boundary that reinforces the secular nature of a nation, preventing religious influence in the public sphere.