为了重新设计，医学上有很多不确定性的想法在很大程度上没有被当局所承认。这样做的原因是：承认不确定性是要承认错误的可能性。整个行业都安排了自己的决定，以确认其决定的智慧。
(To Redelmeier the very idea that there was a great deal of uncertainty in medicine went largely unacknowledged by its authorities. There was a reason for this: To acknowledge uncertainty was to admit the possibility of error. The entire profession had arranged itself as if to confirm the wisdom of its decisions.)