Building on Linz's work, we have developed a set of four behavioral warning signs that can help us know an authoritarian when we see one. We should worry when a politician 1} rejects, in words or action, the democratic rules of the game, 2} denies the legitimacy of opponents, 3} tolerates or encourages violence, or 4} indicates a willingness to curtail the civil liberties of opponents, including the media. Table 1 shows how to assess politicians in terms of these four factors.
In his book "How Democracies Die," Steven Levitsky expands upon Linz's theories by identifying four key behavioral indicators that signal the presence of authoritarianism in politicians. These warning signs serve as a framework to better recognize when democratic norms are under threat. Politicians who overtly reject democratic principles, deny their adversaries' legitimacy, promote or condone violence, or show intentions to limit civil liberties are cause for concern.
The framework provided helps citizens and political analysts assess the behaviors of their leaders. By focusing on these four factors, one can gauge the health of a democracy and the potential rise of authoritarianism. Monitoring these warning signs is crucial for preserving democratic governance and ensuring that civil rights and freedoms are not eroded.
