In his book "Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power," Robert D. Kaplan discusses the impact of traditional ties within societies, which are often overlooked by both Marxist and liberal thinkers. These intellectuals have typically focused on large-scale societal transformations inspired by Soviet and Western ideals, failing to recognize the importance of local traditions and loyalties that exist independently from state structures.

Kaplan argues that these enduring ties play a crucial role in shaping societies and can significantly affect the success or failure of social engineering efforts. Therefore, to understand the dynamics of the Indian Ocean region and its future, one must consider these deeply rooted connections that persist beneath the surface of political systems.