Niall Ferguson's book, "Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World," argues that the process of decolonization was significantly driven by conflicts between rival empires rather than primarily by the actions of indigenous nationalist movements. This perspective highlights the complexities of colonial relationships and the geopolitical struggles that catalyzed the decline of empire from the 20th century onward.

Ferguson's assertion reflects historical observations, such as Hitler's anticipation of how imperial competition would lead to the unwinding of colonial rule. By analyzing the interplay of various powers, the book suggests that the eventual independence of many nations was less about nationalist aspirations and more a consequence of broader imperial rivalries that shaped the global landscape.