In "The Revenge of Geography," author Robert D. Kaplan explores the influence of geography on global politics, emphasizing how physical landscapes impact the decisions made by nations. Kaplan's analysis suggests that geographical factors like mountains, rivers, and climate shape the cultural and political landscapes of regions, leading to inevitable conflicts and power struggles. His work highlights the importance of understanding these forces to comprehend the present and predict possible future events in global affairs.

However, this perspective raises moral questions about determinism in history. Isaiah Berlin's 1953 lecture critiques the notion that large, impersonal forces, such as geography and ethnicity, control human behavior and political outcomes. He argues that this fatalistic view is both immoral and cowardly, as it undermines individual agency and the capacity for people to shape their destinies. Berlin's admonition serves as a reminder that while geography informs politics, it should not be used to excuse inaction or the belief that humanity is powerless against larger forces.