In "Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World," Niall Ferguson explores the impact of British colonialism and its global influence. He poses a critical question regarding the historical direction of world power: whether it would have leaned towards French or British hegemony. Ferguson argues that Britain's imperial presence played a significant role in shaping modern civilization, economics, and political structures, establishing a legacy that still influences global dynamics today.

Throughout the book, Ferguson examines the consequences of British expansionism, contrasting it with French approaches. He contends that Britain's unique blend of commerce, governance, and cultural exchange was pivotal in advancing modernity across different continents. This historical inquiry not only highlights the strengths and weaknesses of each empire but also underscores the complexities of colonial rule and its lasting ramifications on contemporary society.