C.G. Jung argues that ancient cultures, with rare exceptions, were unable to focus on the changes in inanimate matter or artificially replicate natural processes, which impeded their ability to harness nature’s forces. He suggests that this limitation stemmed from a lack of training in directed thinking, a skill that allows for the concentration and use of psychic energy in transformative ways. Without this ability, the ancients missed key opportunities for cultural development and innovation.

The crux of Jung's assertion is that the progress of culture relies on the flexibility and availability of psychic energy, which modern directed thinking enables. In earlier eras, this capacity for focused thought was not fully developed, hindering their understanding and manipulation of the natural world. As a result, the ancients could not achieve the same level of control and evolution that later civilizations were able to accomplish through enhanced cognitive capacities.