To Epictetus, all external events are determined by fate, and are thus beyond our control, but we can accept whatever happens calmly and dispassionately. Individuals, however, are responsible for their own actions which they can examine and control through rigorous self-discipline. Suffering arises from trying to control what is uncontrollable, or from neglecting what is within our power. As part of the universal city that is the universe, human beings have a duty of care to all fellow humans. The person who followed these precepts would achieve happiness.
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Epictetus teaches that while external events are predetermined by fate and beyond our influence, we can choose how to respond to them. He emphasizes the importance of maintaining a calm and dispassionate attitude toward life's occurrences. In contrast, individuals hold the responsibility for their own actions, which they can regulate through self-discipline and introspection. This understanding helps mitigate suffering, as it stems from attempting to control the uncontrollable or ignoring what we can actually change.
He also advocates for a sense of duty toward fellow humans as part of the interconnected universe. By adhering to these principles of acceptance and self-control, individuals can work towards achieving true happiness. Ultimately, Epictetus inspires readers to focus on their inner life while contributing positively to the collective human experience.
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