Mikhail Gorbachev, the last leader of the Soviet Union, is recognized for his pivotal role in ending the Cold War and initiating significant reforms. His policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) were aimed at modernizing the Soviet economy and increasing transparency. These initiatives led to greater freedom of expression and a more open political climate, but they also contributed to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, which changed the global political landscape. Born on March 2, 1931, in Privolnoye, Russia, Gorbachev's early life was shaped by the hardships of World War II. He pursued a law degree at Moscow State University, and his political career began in the Communist Party, where he quickly rose through the ranks. By 1985, he became the General Secretary of the Communist Party, where he implemented his transformative policies amidst a backdrop of economic stagnation and social discontent. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev became an advocate for global cooperation and environmental issues. He received numerous accolades, including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990. Despite facing criticism for his reforms and the subsequent breakup of the USSR, Gorbachev remains a significant historical figure admired for his vision of a more open, democratic society. His legacy continues to influence discussions on governance and international relations.