In the late 19th and 20th centuries, progressive Cubans often overlooked the existence of Indigenous people. This was largely because those promoting Cuba's Indigenous heritage were typically conservative racists, intent on glorifying the Indian past while undermining the significance of the African contributions to the nation. Their perspective created a divide, as various factions competed to highlight different aspects of Cuba's identity.

During this time, novelists focused on preserving Hispanic culture frequently incorporated Indigenous imagery into their historical fiction. This was a strategic move to counter the narratives that emphasized the African heritage of Cuba. Such literary efforts reflected the complexities of national identity during a period of cultural tension, revealing the ongoing struggle between recognizing the diverse roots of Cuban society.