In "The Return of Marco Polo's World," Robert D. Kaplan argues that increased urbanization, education, and enlightenment can paradoxically lead to greater political instability. This insight challenges the common belief held by techno-optimists and corporate elites that wealth generation equates to a stable political environment. They often overlook how unevenly distributed wealth can exacerbate societal tensions and unrest.

Kaplan suggests that as societies progress and become more connected, the disparities that arise can fuel discontent and conflict rather than foster order. This serves as a critical reminder that economic growth alone does not guarantee political stability, especially in a global landscape that is increasingly complex and interconnected.