Martin Luther was a pivotal figure in the Protestant Reformation, challenging the practices of the Catholic Church during the early 16th century. His primary objections were aimed at the sale of indulgences, which he believed detracted from the true essence of repentance and faith. In 1517, he famously nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to the Church door in Wittenberg, sparking widespread debate and leading to significant religious upheaval across Europe. Luther's stance emphasized salvation through faith alone, rather than through works or payment to the Church. Luther’s writings and teachings inspired a movement that sought to return to the scriptures, advocating that the Bible be accessible to all believers. He translated the New Testament into German, which made the scriptures more understandable to the general populace and fostered a sense of personal connection to faith. His emphasis on the priesthood of all believers encouraged individuals to interpret the Bible for themselves, further diminishing the Church's authoritative control over spiritual matters. Martin Luther’s challenges led to his excommunication and the establishment of various Protestant denominations. His influence extended beyond religion, impacting social, cultural, and political spheres throughout Europe. Despite the controversies he faced, Luther's dedication to reforming the Church laid the groundwork for modern Christianity and shaped religious thought for centuries to come. Martin Luther was a key religious reformer who initiated the Protestant Reformation, making significant critiques of the Catholic Church in the 16th century. His famous Ninety-Five Theses highlighted corruption within the Church, particularly the selling of indulgences, and called for a return to biblical teachings. Luther’s legacy includes the translation of the Bible into the vernacular and the promotion of individual interpretation of scriptures, profoundly influencing Christianity and Western society.