Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer, best known for proposing the heliocentric model of the universe, which positioned the Sun at the center rather than the Earth. This revolutionary idea marked a significant shift in astronomical thought and laid the foundation for modern astronomy. His seminal work, "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium," published in 1543, detailed his theories and challenged the long-standing Ptolemaic geocentric model. Copernicus’s ideas were revolutionary, as they contradicted the...